Alcohol and the Causes of Student Binge Drinking Essay -- Expository C

Causes of Student Binge Drinking We've all heard it before: "Too much of anything is bad for us." The amount of binge drinking occurring on American college campuses today proves that college students do not heed this warning. Binge drinking, or drinking for the purpose of getting drunk, harms both drinkers and non-drinkers alike. As today's college students come dangerously close to being swept away in the sea of papers, exams, jobs, and interviews, they use bingeing as the lifeboat that allows them to escape the stress. It allows them to forget their worries, fit in with the crowd, and live on the edge in a fast-paced world that normally does not leave time for such activities. Teetering on the brink of adulthood, yet still trapped in childhood makes drinking decisions difficult for many college students. A desire to get away from our usual lives because of societal regulations and conformity, psychological and emotional problems, and the stress of everyday life causes college binge drinking. The need to conform to societal norms set by peers leads to college binge drinking. Over the years, drinking has become a popular pastime for college students. A study conducted by Dr. Katherine C. Lyall of the University of Wisconsin defined binge drinking as "five or more drinks in a row one or more times during a two week period for men, and four or more drinks in a row one or more times during the same period for women." Lyall's study, in which 145 colleges from 40 states participated, found that 84% of all students drank during the school year. It also found that 44% of all students were binge drinkers, and 19% binged three or more times within a two week period (Lyall). Students feel the need to drink in order to fit in wit... ... well as those surrounding him or her. Societal norms, psychological and emotional problems, and stress all contribute to binge drinking. These factors should not be excuses, however. Today's college students are capable of finding a legal and safe lifeboat that keeps them from being sucked under the waves of daunting college pressures. Works Cited Addeo, Edmond G. and Jovita Reichling. Why Our Children Drink. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1975. Hamilton, Cheryl. Communicating for Results. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997. Lyall, Katherine C., PhD. "Binge Drinking on American College Campuses." August 1995. October 14, 1998. (available online). http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cas/RWJ_S.htm North, Robert and Richard Orange, Jr. Teenage Drinking. New York: Collier Books, 1980. Rouse, Ewing. Drinking. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978.

COP 3530, Discrete Data Structures and Algorithms, Summer 1999, Homework 1 :: UFL Florida Computer Programming Homework

Class Notes: Data Structures and Algorithms Summer-C Semester 1999 - M WRF 2nd Period CSE/E119, Section 7344 Homework #1 -- Solutions (in blue type) Note: There have been many questions about this homework assignment. Thus, clarifications are posted below in red type. When you answer these questions, bear in mind that each one only counts four points out of 1000 total points for the course. Thus, each one should have a concise answer. No need to write a dissertation. * Question 1. Suppose you want to find the maximum of a sequence or vector a of n distinct integers. Write an algorithm to do this in O(n) time, for any sequence of n distinct integers. max = very large negative number input(a) for i = 1 to n do if a[i] > max then max = a[i] endfor output(max) * Question 2. You could assume that you know the maximum value of a before you search for it. That is, if a has values in the interval [0,101], then the maximum would be 101. The best case (least work) in the preceding algorithm would occur when the maximum of the n-element sequence is the first element of the sequence. Where is the maximum located for the (a) worst case, and (b) average case? Support each answer with a proof, not just an example. Alternatively, you could assume that the maximum was not known beforehand, and a)-b), above might be easier...Either assumption is o.k. o Case 1: Maximum unknown a priori -- You have to search through the entire array to find the maximum. Thus, there is no worst case or best case if you consider the work as comparisons (dominant cost) only. o Case 2: Maximum known a priori -- This becomes a linear search problem (find the maximum).

The gender income gap

Abstract The Gender Wage Gap is something invented by prehistoric man back in the sass's. Designed to keep women from making the same money and receiving the same benefits as their male counter-parts. This was a devise born in gender discrimination , intended to keep women in her place. When it was found to be unconstitutional they tried to fix it , but the monster had grown out of proportion. It had gotten so out of hand that no one not even the original creator could recognize it.There are so many factors that make up the gap but the largest factor still remains as discrimination. The Gender Gap For as long as there have been Jobs and Women in the workplace. There still exists a terrible unaddressed form of gender prejudice. Statistics indicate that it doses*Г? matter if they have the same Skills, more time on the Job or the same Education. Women do not make the same money and receive the same benefits as men doing the same Job. How many female Coo's have you seen in fortune 50 0 companies?According to Francine Blab & Lawrence Kahn from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/we Both gender-specific factors,including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall age structure contributed to this ever increasing gap. As far back as 1957 women chose occupations for which on -the -Job training is less important, gender differences in occupations would also be expected. Women would especially avoid jobs requiring large investments in skills which are unique to a particular enterprise.Because the returns to such investments are reaped only as long as one remains with that employer. At the same time, employers may be reluctant to hire women for such Jobs because the firm bears some of the cost of such firm-specific training, and ears not getting a full return on that investment. Many employers thought of women as temporary workers due to the probability of them leaving to start a family or already having a family or a successful husband who had the means to support them. Here lies the fallacy off man has to support his family.The ever present threat of pregnancy loomed in the heads of most employers. The playing field was evened out a little with the emergence of the birth control pill. The Power of the Pill. According to Claudia Golden & Lawrence Katz from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/7527 When the pill was introduced to the female population after FDA approval in the sass's. Its had a direct positive effect on women's career investment by almost eliminating the chance of getting pregnant and thus the cost of having sex.The Pill also created a social multiplier effect by encouraging the delay of marriage generally and thus increasing a career woman's likelihood of finding an appropriate mate after professional school. Even though women are outpacing men in getting college degrees thief not enough to close the gender pay gap. The American As sociation of University Women tackled he pay gap question by looking at workers of the same educational attainment*name kind of college, same grades;loading the same kinds of Jobs, and having made the same choices about marriage and number of kids.They found that college-educated women earn 5 percent less the first year out of school than their male peers. Ten years later, even if they keep working on par with those men, the women earn 12% less. .. Jane Farrell and Sarah Jane Glenn explore the question of whether there is more gender equality among minority men and women than among whites†¦. Playing the Numbers. The Gender *rising High Education. According to Doyle, William R. Change. (May/June 2010) volume 42 Issue corporate Resources. There are two factors that contribute to the higher education gender gap in the US.First, the gap begins, and in mostly accounted for, by gaps in high school completion. Second the labor market continues to provide differential earnings for men and women, even those who are similar in terms of the education, experience, and choice of careers. Even if women and men had similar educational credentials, scores on standardized tests, field of study, and degree from college of similar selectivity the gap in earnings would be about $4,400. The Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Corporate and Financial sector.According to a report written by M. Bertrand, C. Golden and L. Katz from the National Bureau of Economic Research @ http://www. Never. Org/papers/w14681 The career's of Mamba's, who graduated between 1990 and 2006 from a top US Business school, are studied to understand how career dynamics differ by gender. Although male and female Mamba's have nearly identical (labor) incomes at the outset of their career's , their earnings soon diverge , with a male annual earnings advantage reaching almost 60 log points and ten to 16 years after MBA completion.There were three identifiable reasons for the large and rising gender ga p in earnings: is differences in training prior to MBA graduation; differences in career interruptions; differences in weekly hours. Gender differences in earnings across the years following MBA completion. The presence of children is the main contributor to the lesser Job experience, greater career discontinuity and shorter work hours for female Mamba's. Gender differences in the annual Income of psychiatrists. According to Weeks, W. B. , & Wallace. ,A. E. (2007)Psychiatric Services,58(4),51 5-20.American Psychiatric Publishing,Len. In this article published on a study of the annual Income of female psychiatrists vs. that of male counterparts was 13% lower on an average from the 1980 thru to the 1990 and persisted on thru to 2001. It also stated that the female Doctor would more likely be employees of the practice, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice. This tells me that it din*Г? even matter how much education a woman had . Even in the halls of higher lea rning , there still existed this gender gap.It din*Г? matter if she had the same Education as a male doctor, There was still no equality in pay. And you know there was no physical inhibitors. Why wives earn less than husbands. According to Kraft,Susan. American Demographics.. Jan 94, Volvo. 16 Issue 1, Corporate Resources. Some married women are closing the earnings gap with married men, but most work fewer hours and at lower paying Jobs. A woman has a hard time matching a mans income, even if the man doses*Г? work. Because men who don*Г? work still have income from unemployment, disability, pensions, and investments.Working wives whose husbands don*Г? work make the largest contribution to family income, but even their contributions accounts for less than half(42%) of that segment's aggregate income. Then we have the two income households, where many wives find it too expensive to work. Many dual income families must subtract the cost of child care, and a second car. They only add an addition 14% to the families income. So more than likely they are working for Job benefits. And last but not least according to Thatcher, J. (2013). Art Monthly 50:50, (367), 5-8.Women are still woefully under-represented in the art world argues Jennifer Thatcher. :Last year an artist fired one of their studio assistants for being pregnant. She recalled that as soon as she made the announcement she was treated fervently , and spoken to as though she had made a huge mistake. Despite working as hard as she could in an attempt to prove she could manage the work. She was eventually asked to leave and forgo her rights to statutory maternity pay. There lies the Physical inhibitors, Gender Specific discrimination.This type of discrimination still exists in the work place, and they are not trying to hide it. To be spoken to and treat like you had a disorder of some sort is Just not exceptionable and against the law. For over 50 years women have suffered the consequences of this wage gap, between them and their male counter-parts. Since 1963 there has been a bill sitting in the halls of Justice and not in-forced due to its lack of Importance to our nations leaders (UN-popular). Women have suffered UN-imaginable hardships caused from this gap . Women are doomed from the beginning starting with their very first paycheck.The gap Just gets wider and wider not stopping until they receive their very last Social Security check. This gap has had serious ramifications for women and their families. What happened to our human rights? I thought I lived in America, we have gone to war in foreign countries defending their human rights. But when this issue comes up , they Just explain it away by saying men have to support their families Based on the evidence that I have submitted, you be the Judge is it fair that men and women doing the same Job don*Г? get paid the same money? This is discrimination in its worst form.

Indian Economy: Adopting New Approach Essay

After independence, India chartered a path of economic development based on mixed economy, building a new industrial structure around the public sector and a closely monitored, regulated and controlled system where government played the role of licenser in the process of building industry. There were few hiccups in between. In the late 70s Mrs. Indira Gandhi brought in small doses of liberalization. In the mid 80? s Rajiv Gandhi did likewise but the real change came in 1991 when economic crises were looming large on the horizon. India’s economy could be termed as a developing economy which is characterized by the coexistence, in greater or lesser degree, of utilized or unutilized manpower on the one hand and of unexploited and exploited natural resources on the other. A developing economy bears the common features of technological backwardness at low per capita income coupled by widespread poverty, heavy population pressure, low grade productivity, high unemployment, low level utilization of country’s natural resources, rigid social structure, predominance of old beliefs, lack of opportunity for capital formation, pre-dominance of agriculture and scanty participation in international trade etc. But all this is amidst a possibility of economic development, small pockets of high rates of economic growth and affluence. It is gain saying truth what the world economy has experienced that colonization directly lead to the exploitation of the colonized country by the colonial rulers. Colonization is also a factor for the underdevelopment of a country’s economy. India was a victim of the colonial feature of economic exploitation for more than hundred years. The British colonial exploitation in India can be broadly divided in three periods. They are (i) the period of merchandised capital, (ii) the period of industrial capital which leads to the drain of Indian wealth for the interest of British industry and (iii) the period of financial capital. During British period foreign capital flowed into India. However in real terms those capitals were not according to the proper needs of Indians and directly helped the capital growth of Britishers. The overall impact of British rule in Indian economy can be summed up as stagnation of per capita income ever a long period of time, high priority to the traditional method of agricultural activities, repeated famines and acute poverty of handicrafts and traditional village industries defective land holding and erroneous implemen tation of zamindari practices etc. The basic aim of British administration in India was to transform Indian subcontinent as a consumer market for British furnished goods, Technological up gradation and development of infrastructure as well as social infrastructure were negligible. During the independence Indian economy had almost all the features of an underdeveloped economy. In the last fifty years of self-rule, a lot of policy initiative has been taken up by the government of India to upgrade the economic base of the country. Still Indian economy is gripped by poverty, population explosion, backwardness both in agriculture and industry, low grade technological development, high unemployment and wide difference between the high and low income levels. Now in India incidence of poverty is coexisting with sophisticated nuclear technology. The policy measures taken within the last five decades metamorphosed Indian economy to break the stagnant per capita income to achieve self sufficiency in food grain production. Indian economy is a unique blend of public and private sector otherwise known as a mixed economy. It is also a dualistic economy both modern industry and traditional agricultural activities exist side by side. The mandatory economic rights which the Constitution promises are (i) equality of opportunity unemployment or appointment to any office irrespective of race, caste and sex, (ii) all the citizens of India shall have property or carry on any occupation, trade or business, (iii) right to acquire private property by the state with compensation paid under the procedure established by law, iv) ban on begging, child labour and trafficking of human beings. The federal economic structure of India includes the central government and the state government within a unitary system. Demarcations of responsibilities are divided between the central and state governments. However, the residuary power is vested with the central government. Besides finance commission, other economic commissions are set up by the central government time to time to look after the parity of resources distribution among the states. Annual budgets (both general and railway) and five year plans aye the backbone of India’s economic policy initiatives. Indian Economy since Independence-After India’s independence long spell of stagnation was broken with the introduction of economic planning. Since 1950s net national product at factor cost had arisen from Rs. 40,454 crore to 11,224 crores in 1999-2000. The growth of national income was 3. 8 percent. India’s per capita income has been running since 1950-51. India’s per capita income at current price was Rs. 160, 47. Apart from the growth in quantitative terms, there have been significant changes in India’s economic structure since independence. During the second plan priority was acceded to capital intensive manufacturing units. These industries now account for more than fifty percent of the industrialproduction. The transport system in India over the past four decades has grown both in terms of capacity and modernization. Then road network is one of the largest in the world as a result of spectacular development of roads under various lanes. The total road length comprising national high ways state high ways and other road accounted for 24. 66 lakhs km in 1996-97 progress of shipping, railways and civil aviation has equally been impressive. Though the country is presently facing an energy crisis but this sector has also gained much in termsof production. Similarly irrigation facilities in the country have increased raising irrigated area. Since independence significant reformation has taken place in the banking and financial sector ofIndia. The process of nationalization was initiated after independence. First the Reserve Bank was nationalized in 1949, thereafter in 1995 the Imperial Bank of India, a leading commercial bank of that time, was nationalized and renamed the State Bank of India. In 1969 fourteen big commercial banks were nationalized. This act of government undermined thecontrol of big capitalists on the finance capital. From the above argument we can conclude that the Indian economy is no longer caught in low levelequilibrium trap.

Processing of Black and White Film

Today, we have contact with photography ubiquitously. But, do you realize that what you see has been created by photography? People have drawn and painted the world that surrounded them since ancient times. However, the first recording of a negative image on a light-sensitive material was first achieved by Frenchman, J. Niepce in 1826. He made the first permanent photograph with a camera â€Å"obscura†. Although, the exposure took eight hours, he wanted to find a different process. Another pioneer of photography was the British inventor William Talbot.He invented a special process named calotype or talbotype that created negative images from which a positive could be printed. On the other hand, in 1884, George Eastman invented the dry gel, which required paper or film. He developed the technology of film; and the same technology is used by film cameras today. A few years later, in June 1888, Eastman Kodak introduced to the public the first film camera. By the 1901, photography began to be available to the public. Today, the developing of black and white negative is almost obsolete. With new digital technology, almost nobody uses film cameras, except for some professional photographers.What do you need to develop your film? First, you need to go outside and take some pictures. Once you have the film ready to be developed you need some materials to process the film. To start developing your own film you need to have a room that is light proof, a metal or plastic film tank, reel, a can opener, scissors, chemicals, darkroom timer, a sink, and a thermometer. One of the places where you can find equipment that you need for your dark room and to process your film is B&H photo (http://www. bhphotovideo. com). B&H photo is an online store for professional photographers where they offer affordable prices and used equipment.For example, a roll of 24 roll of TMAX 400 cost about $3. 50 plus shipping cost. Moreover, you can also research if you have any photo stores w here you live. Last semester I took a photo class at school. I check frequently the bulletin board, where students posted equipment for sale. However, there are important steps to follow to process of black and white film. The first step is that you need to load the film on the reel. Before you do that I suggest you to prepare the equipment that you will need. Next, lay the tools in front of you; you will need scissors, a can opener, and a film tank.Remember that the negative is light sensitive and even a small amount of light will destroy the film. When you are ready, you can turn off the light and use the can opener to separate the film from the cassette. Next, unwind the film and cut the end with scissors. Now you are ready to load the film on the plastic or metal reel. I prefer the metal reel; because it is much to use. You need to gently slide the film into the slot and roll the film slowly on the reel until is loaded. When you are done, you can place the loaded reel in the fil m tank. When the negative is secure in the tank, you can turn on the light.The next step is to prepare the chemicals. It is also important to know what kid of film you use. I use TRIMAX400 most of the time. Although, you know the type of the film, it is time to get ready the developer. You might ask what kind of developer is the best. There are so many to choose from. I use Kodak D-76 developer. It is a fine-grain general-purpose developer. The measurements are 4 ounces of the developer mixed with 4 ounces of water. The next step is to check the temperature. Remember, to always rinse your thermometer before you use it and after you done.It is very important to check the temperature chart. For example, if the thermometer shows 68 °F, the developing time is 6 minutes. The chemicals should be at least 68 °F, because some chemicals do not respond to temperatures lower than 65 °F. Now you are ready to set the darkroom timer for 6 minutes. Time is a very important factor in developi ng the film. Warning: if you keep the film too long in the developer the film will turn out overexposed or if you finish early the negative is going to be underexposed. After you pour the developer into the film tank, you need to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds.It is very important to agitate the film, because this removes air bubbles from the film. Once the time is up you need to pour the developer into the sink. The following step is to rinse the film tank at least twice. Another important step is to add fixer. The fixer is the chemical used in the final step to stabilize the image. Fixing time takes 4 minutes. Do not forget to set your darkroom timer for 4 minutes. You need to remember also to agitate the tank every minute for 15 seconds. After the time is up you need to pour the fixer back into the container. When you done, the film is fixed and it is ready to be exposed to the light.But, before that you have to rinse the tank few times with fresh water. It is very important to wash your negative, to remove the exhausted chemicals. Warning: If you do not wash your negative enough you could permanently damage the image. The last step is to add a few drops of photoflow to the tank film and keep it for 30 seconds. Do not agitate the tank film while the bath stop is in the tank. You need that to prevent the water from spotting the film as it dries. The remaining step is a final wash in the running water for at least 20 minutes. Afterward, the film is ready to hang and dry.Carefully handle one end of the film and lift the film from the reel. Remember, the negatives are extremely fragile so handle them carefully. Make sure the negatives do not to touch anything. Also, do not forget to slide gently the negative between your fingers. After the film is dry, you are ready to cut the negative and go to the dark room to make the prints. Store each negative in separate negative sleeve. Although this process is almost obsolete, some professional photographe rs and hobbyists are still developing their film and make prints in the dark room. Black and white photography is considered a fine art.With growing popularity of digital technology, the hobby is not as popular as before. To make sure your film is developed accurate you have to absolutely follow the step that I present above. This process of your own film will give you a greater enjoyment and understanding of the true art of photography. I took a photo class last semester and I enjoyed every minute I spent in the dark room to develop my film and then made my prints. I also learned about lighting and shadows. Black and white photography divulged different feelings and shows different emotions than color film.

“The Arrival” Annaylisis

â€Å"The Arrival,† illustrated by Shaun Tan, presents the visual story of a migrant’s experience as he leaves his home and family to create a better life for them in an unseen country, mirroring a migrant’s life upon migrating to a 1990s New York City, showing his experience of poverty, home sickness, language difficulties, separation from family and loss of social status. The purpose of the book was to represent what many immigrants experienced and reflect their memories of travelling to foreign countries, and for Shaun Tan to depict his experience of growing up in one of the most isolated cities in the world, as he discovered a sense of separation, an unclear conception of identity and questioned what it means to be â€Å"Australian†. The target audience is immigrants who can relate to this book, although there is no particular audience as it can relate to everyone for the book questions every day experiences. The concept of belonging is explored within this text with the use of language features. It uses flashbacks represented in a dark sepia tone, suggesting the past and pain of the trauma of these stories. The sharing of these experiences bonds the arrival to the people within this new environment, creating a place where he feels he can belong. Symbolism is employed, such as the alien creature and the white origami bird who befriend the father. They are representatives of how belonging is about people and relationships and not the locations for these are unstable. This acts as a reminder of where he comes from and inspires him to continue through difficult times. The visual angles create emotion, tension and a sense of individual opinion on belonging among a third person narrative. It uses visual metaphors such as the dragon’s tail that, as a faceless threat, slithers through the old town, providing the push for change and the creation of a new place to belong. There is an absence of written descriptions, which allows individual interpretation and as a result, the belonging experiences of one family becomes a reflection of many. The text has affected my response by having no words, therefore allowing me to create meaning for myself. I was positioned in the characters shoes with the absence of writing, and therefore made my own interpretations. It showed me how it felt to not belong visually with the use of images of different cities around the world. The texts develop my understanding of belonging because it showed me migration is an inessential part of human history. The visual text allowed me to understand what feeling and emotions are felt when you are taken away from your family and then moving to another country.

Definition of modeling terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition of modeling terms - Essay Example Spreadsheet engineering is the study of modeling that enables us to plan and develop more complex and detailed business models. The study also facilitates business communication especially performing modeling tasks and accounting statements in effective and efficient manner. Model formulation is to removing needless details and abstracting critical features of the real world. It is a development for making the actual situation understandable, easier and capturing a core objective of solving a real world problem. Decisions are to make up your mind for selecting a way forward keeping in view the possible alternatives. The decision can be taken on the number of items to buy/sell, quantity of items to be manufactured Problem Context is an activity of modeling that explains the fundamental causes and the current situation of the problem raised by the modeler. It should be structured considering the client’s view of the problem so that they can guide to a solution. Model structure is an activity of modeling in which a modeler builds a model by selecting/ inserting items, values and their relationship in the spreadsheets considering options of using model types, breaking the problem into sub-problems. Model assessment is an activity of modeling in which the developed models are evaluated to find out either they are viable, suitable and satisfactoriness keeping in view the problem of the client and objective of their