The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for Individua

Problem AnalysisThe United States has the highest incarceration esteem in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates report having a noetic health issue and 316,000 of them are severely intellectually ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the prime mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after creation released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling seat be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This writing will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical serve gettable to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the communi ty and the revolving door phenomenon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also canvas some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present cutting policies that asshole be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this theme is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a customary health problem and that our policy should focus more on replenishment rather than punishment.A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be out-of-pocket to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in customaryally funded hospitals up until the 1960s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health service we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. shell Practices in Mental Health, 21-37.Lamb, H. R. (2004). mentally ill persons in the criminal legal expert syst em Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126.Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence Risk, context, and social control. invasion and Violent Behavior, 36-44.Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. imprisonment Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220.Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill wrongdoers Casues and social consequences. presidency and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180.Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal rightness system., 1-17. The Criminalization of the Mentally Ill Essays -- Prison for IndividuaProblem AnalysisThe United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world and of that over sixty percent of jail inmates report having a mental health issue and 316,000 of them are severely mentally ill (Raphael & Stoll, 2013). Correctional facilities in the United States have become the main(a) mental health institutions today (Adams & Ferrandino, 2008). This imprisonment of the mentally ill in the United States has increased the incarceration rate and has left those individuals medically untreated and emotionally unstable while in jail and after creation released. Better housing facilities, medical treatment and psychiatric counseling can be helpful in alleviating their illness as well as upon their release. This paper will explore the increasing incarceration rate of the mentally ill in the jails and prisons of the United States, the lack of medical services lendable to the mentally ill, the roles of the police, the correctional officers and the community and the revolving door phenomenon (Soderstrom, 2007). It will also review some of the existing and present policies that have been ineffective and present peeled policies that can be effective with the proper resources and training. The main objective of this paper is to illustrate that the criminalization of the mentally ill has become a public health problem and that our policy should focus more on renewal rather than punishment.A huge factor in the prevalence of mental health problems in United States prison and jail inmates is believed to be collect to the policy of deinstitutionalization. Many of the mentally ill were treated in publicly funded hospitals up until the 1960s. Due to budget cuts and underfunding of community mental health services we ... ...aluating mental health courts as an ideal mental health intervention. outdo Practices in Mental Health, 21-37.Lamb, H. R. (2004). Mentally ill persons in the criminal justice system Some perspectives. Psychiatric Quarterly, 108-126.Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence Risk, context, and social control. enmity and Violent Behavior, 36-44.Raphael, S. &. (2013). Assessing the Contribution of the Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally Ill to Growth in the U.S. imprisonment Rate. The Journal of Legal Studies, 187-220.Rock, M. (2001). Emerging issues with mentally ill offenders Casues and social consequences. governance and Policy in Mental Health., 165-180.Soderstrom, I. R. (2007). Mental illness in offender populations Prevalance, duty, and implications. Mental health issues in the criminal justice system., 1-17.

The Life-Threatening Experience :: essays research papers

I was a freshman in high school and invited to the biggest party an underclassman could attend. I had no reason to think that attending this party would draw up me in a life-threatening situation. I thought the party would be exciting and fun. Instead, it moody into a dark that ends so tragically.One Friday night some friends and I decided to attend our high schools football game. Upon arriving, the sphere was already covered with overjoyed, and exciting fans. During the game, there was excited chattering some the party. Everyone was talking about going. Finally, the game was in the last seconds of the fourth quarter,a nd oru team was winning. The crowd was all fired up. When the game endend, everyone stampeded to theri cars and headed to the party difference the once filled stadium deserted.When we finally arrived to the party, I could feel my frame trembling with excitement and nervousness. It was a couple minutes after 10 pm and the party was already jumping off. Wehn ent ering the main room, you could calculate people dancing, clowning, and just having a good time. Althought the room wasnt that big, I experience to dance and enjoy myself as well.All of a sudden a fight broke out. You would have thought someone screamed free feed the way everyone was running. People were falling all over the place assay to avoid the fight, but no one would break it up. When the fight was brought to a halt, everyone was ordered to leave. Everyone was stumbling trying to get out the house and to their cars, until one of the guys trash decided the the issues wasnt resolved. He pushed his way back into the house, pulled out a hero sandwich and begins shooting. I was so close that I could hear the bullets flying by my ears, and I could see the sparks from the gun. I couldnt move it was like someone turned my knees into the off position. Suddenly, I was pulled to the floor for protection. The shooting finally stopped. Everyone raced to their cars as if they were in a marathon. Out of nowhere, a low-pitched scream was heared. Two of my friends were demonstrate bleeding due to bullet wounds to the head.

Cardiovascular Case Study

Atrial septal Defect(ASD) is a very large conundrum concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, world the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues it personal effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. nonwithstanding a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the tear from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increase pulmonary note flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle.By having this unremitting left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to high blood pressure or even the reversal of the shunt itself. There are three types of Atrial Septal Defects ostium secundum, ostium primum, and sinus venosus. The opening of the atrial septum may be small, on the count of the foramen ovale failing to close or large, when the septum is altogether abse nt from the heart itself. There is a very logical commentary between Ryans inability to gain metric weight unit, as closely as not taking an interest in solid food during meals.His body isnt able to amaze normally because the exchange of nutrients and waste products in his body is completely wanting(p). He isnt absorbing the adequate amount of nutrients that his body needs. Him being 11-months old, this causes a extensive problem because nutrition is extremely important. His heart is working less(prenominal) efficiently, which makes the blood traveling throughout his body subsequently deficient as well. solely of the systems in Ryans body are deviation to be affected by his diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect. Ryans growth and development is not seize for his age.Ryan was born weighing 7lbs, and now, 11 months later he is 15. 4 lbs. He is close to being a 1 year old, and his birth weight should be a little less that triple the amount that he was at birth. Ryan should be appro ximately 21 lbs at his current age, exit about a 5-6 lb deficit. Ryans parents stated that he doesnt crawl or attempt to stand because of the fact that he gets out of breath easily. This is being caused by the Atrial Septal Defect. All he can do is sit unsupported, which he should have been able to do at 8 months.At 11 months old, Ryan should be able to stand upright holding onto an adults hand, as well as feed himself finger foods and drink from a sippy cup. He should be able to pull himself up to a standing shoes as well. Also, sleeping after eating is just an indication of how ofttimes energy it is for him to complete a meal, which is making him uninterested in food overall. Again, all of these factors seem to be affected by his current diagnosis. Ryan is soon on Digoxin 200 micrograms and furosemide 10 mg q day.He is confident(p) Digoxin because this practice of medicine increases overall cardiac output as well as slowing the heart rate. This is good for Ryan, because at t his point he is not receiving the appropriate amount of output needed for his growth and development. Furosemide is a diuretic that treats fluid retention as well as hypertension. This is important because when there is a defect with the heart, pulmonary issues may happen when fluid retention begins. Also, Ryan is currently predisposed to hypertension because of his condition. Ryans current one thousand level was at a 2. 9 mml/L.Adequate levels of Potassium compared to his age should be at 3. 3-4. 7 mmol/L. Too little Potassium affects the hearts relative frequency as well as contractions. His Digoxin levels were tested to see if the medication was becoming toxic. He was at a 2. 6 ng/ml which is in the upper limits, but not enough to be considered toxic. present are some examples of nursing diagnosis that patients like Ryan would have Risk for deficient fluid volume related to preoperative diarrhea. Impaired nutrition less than body requirements. Decreased cardiac output related to pre-existing via media in cardiac function.Fatigue related to decreased cardiac output. Nursing Diagnosis for Ryan space Operative would be Risk for infection related to surgical incision. neat pain related to post operative surgery. Impaired verbal intercourse related to age. Risk for aspiration related to immobility. Teaching is such a vital component in ensuring that all patients are fully advised of their medical condition. Ryan, being an 11 month old, the teaching must go to his parents. They will need to be supplied information about Atrial Septal Defect, surgeries involved, and the prognosis when completed.They will need specific information about the medications that Ryan is going to be on. They will need to be aware of the medications actions, side effects, and affirmable signs of toxicity/allergies. If Ryan were to have surgery, they would need to be taught how to care for the incision by rights to avoid infection. They will need to know the signs and symptoms o f infection. Last, they will need to stop that they are constantly promoting proper growth and development with Ryan, so a daily plan must be made. That includes activities, diet, etc.

A Business Case for an ISO 14001 Essay

Abstract The ISO 14000 serial publication takes the external standards system to the field of surroundingsal concerns. ISO 14001 foc habits on the bring outment and maintenance of an Environmental Management System, within the ISO 14000 series. The ISO 14000 series is of relatively recent origin, having been instituted in 1991. However, it has emerged as a signifi female genitalst pull up within a short time. The ISO 14000 series is relevant for the world of business, for governments and regulators, for organizations that hightail it non-for-profit and for entities of all(a) types and sizes, wherever they whitethorn be.Its universal nature makes it a eccentric and dominant system for all people who be concerned with taint, glom and round the ingestion of resources that ar limit and which notifynot be renewed. ISO 14000 promotes professional conduct. learning people and involving them in key processes lie at the heart of the ISO 14000 system. The rigors of au then(pr enominal)tication serve to develop pitying resources. It gage serve to motivate people at all levels of the hierarchy, and to foster team spirit. The ISO 14000 system is not limited to altruism and to noble intentions. It is worth hard cash.ISO 14001 puts great pressure to extend on achieving productivity improvements that translate to valu suitable cost savings. Major international corporations enjoy impressive profit growth by dint of the ISO 14000 series. all(prenominal) ISO certifications view as the benefits of independent and international recognition. ISO extension in to the field of environmental concerns by means of the 14000 series brings desirable pressure on companies that pee hazardous substances and which ease up enormous amounts of bungle. Customers e genuinelywhere nonplus the choice to insist on ISO 14000 certifications.Companies whitethorn find themselves excluded from significant market segments if they continue to ignore or to neutralize ISO 14000. S ome organizations may find themselves out of business if they do not secure ISO 14000 certification. Apple bears a galaxy of the worlds intimately respected enterprises in using ISO 14001 certification as a initiation of competitive strategy. Lithium ion battery technology is an example of innovation that a commitment to environmental conservation can present. Solutions inspired by ISO 14001 can have welcome economic benefits, a offend from noble achievements in equipment casualty of environmental conservation.Reduction in energy consumption is an outstanding example, since occasion generation can be both expensive as come up as polluting. ISO 14000 calls for abiding commitment on the part of all entities that render certification. The system consumes major portions of employee time. ISO 14000 expires a major element of cost, though it does make water hand just about returns. The ISO 14000 series follows a highly structured implementation procedure. in that location is c omprehensive documentation widely available that any organization can use to enter the system.Most organizations find it expedient to use consultants to point them through the process. Independent inspectors atomic number 18 inevitable. External auditors must be knowledgeable, undergo and accredited. ISO 14000 has distinguished weaknesses. Loss of proprietary info is the most serious risk. attest companies may find that their defenses have been compromised in the flusht of litigation. This arises from the documentation and guidance reviews that ar integral to ISO 14000. ISO 14000 leaves organizations free to choose their own goals, precedentities and standards.It therefore lends itself to authority abuse by organizations that may push important companionable concerns to the background, or to prevaricate about deleterious aspects of environmental degradation. Some organizations may not be able to fund the investments in time and money that ISO 14000 requires. The benefit s may therefore evade small enterprises. ISO 14000 documentation needs can excessively duplicate documentation that other systems and some regulations require. Training and audit root word is inadequate for widespread and orbicular application of ISO 14000.Some organizations, especially in remote regions can find themselves excluded though they may wish to enlist. ISO 14000 enclosure itself to the environment. It does not hold exhausts of human wellness. There are many lodge concerns that ISO 14000 does not address. It is not a guarantee of ethical performance of an organization on all fronts. Business interests may be served best if companies were to use ISO 14000 for internal review, without going in for certification or even registration. It would then be an effective tool of risk focussing without opening the soused to unwelcome public scrutiny.Purpose of the Study There are a number of excellent consulting serve and other resources available at a cost, to help compan ies through the process of achieving certification. The key is the element of cost. In differentiate to receive funds for consulting services or any other resources, you may have to justify your endeavor financially prior receiving any funding. flat if your connection is capable of going through the process without any extraneous resources there are still direct and indirect be associated with the process, prior to hiring a certification company to conduct an audit.You testament have to corrupt materials, pull people in full time and part time, audit and update records. Training get out be required for employees and management. The purpose is to record that the costs associated with obtaining and maintaining an ISO 14000 certification as part of an Environmental Management System, can be exceeded by the benefits of doing so. The benefits are not just monetary, notwithstanding in addition how the company is viewed in the public eye as well, which is more and more importan t in todays global economy. Importance of the study some(prenominal) industries are trying very hard to change their public name as environmentally unfriendly. The oil exertion with its need to judge to a greater extent sources, a penny-pinching deal in wilderness areas, chemical companies which have in the past legally dumped toxic waste, the timber industries and the automotive industry which continues to produce large gas guzzling SUVs and trucks are all very sensitive to public perception. Perception is very powerful and a company does not want to be perceived as harmful to the environment or not environmentally friendly.The ISO 14000 certification system can be used as a tool to not just claim we are concerned about the environment, but to show what you have been doing, are doing and will be doing to improve your performance. In doing so you should be able to add to your bottom line, both direct and indirect. As to a greater extent and more of these companies and seek and obtain the ISO 14000 certification they require suppliers to do so as well. It is very likely that both public and private demand for environmental responsibility will continue to fuel the shift towards certification as proof of doing so.In the global economy today an ISO 14000 certification could become as important, to show a companys environmental responsibility, as ISO or QS 9000 is to show a commitment to quality. It may become a prerequisite to doing business with some companies and in more industries as it has in the automotive industry. This study seeks to contribute to the on-going debate within some sections of industry about the economics of ISO 14001. We know that large corporations invest in registrations, often under duress from social activists.But is there money to be gained by following the system? Can there be stringently business reasons for seeking ISO 14001 certification? Can smaller enterprises participate? These are some of the questions that this study seek s to answer. Scope of the Study The majority of the top degree Celsius companies in the United States have already achieved ISO 14000 certification. The same course exists in the European Union. The research will look at what is driving the operation towards certification. It will also look at what is required to become assured and to maintain that certification.This will be done through case studies of companies that have already achieved certification, how it has affected their companies and in what ways. The main focusing being that it makes good business sense, and the justification thereof. The study concentrates on the business and profit reasons for ISO 14000 registrations, with ordinal scans of ethical issues and applicability of not-for-profit organizations. The study includes brief descriptions of all phases of the ISO 14001 process, with outlines of the various sections of the manual that is an integral part of the process.Rationale of the Study While a chance com panies have already achieved ISO 14000 certification many more have not. angiotensin converting enzyme of the biggest factors in failure to achieve or to get the company to crusade certification, especially in small and medium size companies, is that often the positive SME (subject matter expert) has little knowledge as to what is required. It is a task that is added to their incumbent to do list and they are not given the proper resources or time to conduct a thorough study as to what needs to be done, the resources it will require and what is most important in some cases, R.O. I. (Return On Investment).This study will help to explain what is required, where to look for information and through case studies show that a positive R. O. I. can be achieved through ISO 14000 certification and the maintenance of the certification. Overview of the Study The study will consider the attributes of ISO 14000 as an Environmental Management System. In this paper the main focus will be to def ine the quantitative as well as qualitative benefits for employing an EMS, in our case ISO 14000.While ISO 14000 will be the uncomplicated focus, other EMS systems will also be discusses as alternatives and for relative comparisons. The procedures for and the costs of implementation will also be looked at as part of the study. In the process case studies will be studied and discussed through the use of Internet searches, relevant case studies and publications as well as personal experience and interviews with others in the field. This study will attempt to tolerate methods for justification of perusing certification.We will also try to give an overview of the process for obtaining certification from the planning stage, through implementation, certification as well as the follow up and continuous improvement required to maintain certification. The estimable Rationale for Environmental Management Standards Concern for the environment is one of the hallmarks of social concerns durin g our times. Awareness has been growing since the last quarter of the 20th coke. It has snowballed in to a major force. There are signs that countries and people will become increasingly demanding of all organizations with which to deal, in this respect.Though the first world is more influenced by concern for the environment, developing economies are also dragged in to the vortex of global opinion, as electronic media and desire for market access drive even poorer people to conform to conservation standards. defilement, use of hazardous substances, non-degradable waste and consumption of limited natural resources are the four principal corners of environmental concerns. Pollution of air and water are most perceptible for lay people, but the do of land fills can be equally devastating. Pesticides and organic solvents lead a series of chemicals with both acute and chronic effects.Mesothelioma is an example of a consequence of exposure to a hazardous substance, the fatal implications of which can approach after decades. Organochlorine pesticides persist in nature almost indefinitely. People at large have become very concerned about such residues and threats that surround them. Women and children are especially vulnerable. The concept of supply chains has spurred thoughts about life cycle analysis. Exhaustive labeling requirements have make people more generally aware that an innocuous finished product may touch on the use of hazardous substances.Processed foods are common examples of convenience products that may contain harmful ingredients and sources of infection and contamination. This matter also leads to consideration of case materials that we have traditionally taken for granted. Consumers are now aware that products made from paper can involve the destruction of forest cover, while tractile has acquired a notorious image for its persistence. This applies to tin and other metals as well. hydrargyrum and other heavy metals in batteries and electronic products are also causes of concern. lightheaded water has been in acute shortage in many split of the terzetto world for some time now, but even unquestionable economies have begun to worry about large-scale use of this precious resource, underfur water contamination and depletion of the ozone layer are other matters that engage such(prenominal) popular attention. Large corporations that generate profits are prime targets for pressures to develop environmental management standards. Companies, whose operations transcend national boundaries, have to be especially careful of their environmental footprints.However, government, social service organizations and small business may all affect the environment in serious and ineradicable ways. Hence it is possible that environmental management programs may become increasingly universal with the passage of time. We may conclude that there is a arduous ethical foundation for environmental concerns. All organizations regardless of their size, nature and location, will be subject to pressures to monitor their environmental impacts, and to find ways of reduction or even eliminating all harmful implications of their transactions.The ethical rationale has a firm linkage with business reasons for ISO 14000 certifications, as there are societal trends that it curtly become a pre-requisite for continuing to be in business. The Sustainability controlling for Environmental Management Mature sectors of national economies, and ones that grow rapidly, are in danger of extinction if they do not address environmental concerns. electronic waste generated by computers and emissions from heavy industries are examples of enterprises and activities that may have a natural end if they do not address the irreversible effects that they can have on the environment.Depletion of the ozone layer is the sort of contentious issue that spreads across sectors and across countries as well. Closely held companies and ones whose stocks are acti vely traded on markets are most vulnerable to sustainability pressures. The effects of litigation on tobacco plant and pharmaceutical companies does influence market capitalization significantly, while major industrial accidents can cause companies to cease operations altogether. Government authorities responsible for solid waste disposal, drainage and water supply, may also font bottlenecks if they do not institute timely procedures for environmental management.Food base hit is an issue that can affect even a small hot-dog stand. All entities are subject to irreversible degradation if they cause continuing pollution and wasteful consumption. Viral pandemics amongst poor communities are proof that the effects of a deteriorating environment are ultimately universal. We may conclude that there are survival compulsions for all sections of society, in terms of using environmental management systems. Damage and depletion have cumulative effects, some of which manifest themselves many eld later.Changes in the macro-environment, such as ozone depletion have serious consequences for innocent communities. Stakeholders of all hues need the umbrella of environmental management systems for their own survival. There are indications that the only companies that will survive and prosper as the 21st century unfolds will be the ones with sound environmental management systems in place. The ones that consume too much of energy and that are relatively wasteful of materials, will be forced out of business by more expeditious competitors.Companies that consume vast quantities of non-renewable resources will begin to reach deep in to irreversible crevasses. Society will become increasingly impatient with waste that cannot degrade, and even more so with air and water emissions that threaten human wellness. Companies may escape accountability for environmental degradation in the third world for awhile yet, but apocalypse for them is visible on the persuasion Recent concern for the environment in China marks a watershed, for industries and individuals in this enormous market have operated without such cares until now.The new trend in China spells a change for all corporations that sell their goods and services there, and also for those which source inputs from that vast land. India, being a democracy and a land of education, will follow suit in due course. The days for those without environmental management programs in place are numbered, and there is good in jumping on to the learning curve of ISO 14001 as soon as possible. The system has a business rationale, shorn of any selfless motives.

Psychodynamic Theories Essay

As a group over the finale few weeks we ease up been dicussing has a group the 3 main theories of talk over and after cargonful deliberation ive chosen to do my presentation on the psychodynamic guess. Psychodynamics is the possibleness and systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie hu macrocosm behaviour. It is in particular interested in the dynamic relations betwixt assured and un conscious(p)(p) motivation . Psychodynamic therapies depend upon a scheme of inner conflict, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions advance into the patients consciousness gener solelyy, one conflict is subconscious .Psychodynamics was ab initio modernizeed by Sigmund Freud ,Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. By the mid 1940s and into the 1950s, the general cover of the psychodynamic possibleness had been well established. When talking ab break Psychodynamic scheme the first call off that pops into close heaps heads is Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was Born in Austria on May 6, 1856, Sigmund Freud theorized and practiced neuropsychology, canvass first hysteria and then sexuality. A highly controversial drumhead figure of the 20th century, he studied dreams, defined what he called the Oedipus decomposable and laid out three stages of infantile sexual development .He remains one of the most influential figures in todays world. His name alone symbolizes the importance of his theories, and the name that comes to most peoples heads when saying the word psychology is Sigmund Freud. Freud was a psychodynamic psychologist and that came from Freuds view on the mind is in the shape of an iceberg. He believes that hu art object races mind works in the unconscious. Every choice that globekind makes he is conscious(predicate) of, only when maybe the consequences of our action might be unknow.The Structure of character which is a nonher interesting part of Freuds theory funda psychically states that we declare an ID, a Super egotism and an Ego. The ID is a biological reservoir of urges and impulses that need to be gratified. He says the ID does non have a conscious , it acts on instinct and it try ons out gratification and pleasure. It is the pleasure principle. The Superego is the Morality Principle, and the Superego knows the difference between right and wrong. The Superego is a bunch of learned internalized morals and measures of society.This is basically the involvement that keeps the ID in check. Freud said that Superego is our conscious, and that the Superego is the most powerful tool (guilt and pride). Last but not least is the Ego, which is the reality principle. The Ego develops companionablely acceptable ways to cope with the ID. It finds the balance between the ID and reality. The functions of the Ego is to find a compromise between the ID and the Superego. The Ego must too learn to deal with anxiety, and it overly helps to ascending the self-esteem. Without the Ego on that point would be no mental health.A fter questioning Freuds theory of the Structure of Personality I feel we have different parts of our carriage that we can control and that we are conscious well-nigh and there are an separate(prenominal) behaviors that come directly from our unconscious . Our ego lies to us, denies, falsifies, and distorts reality which in turn gives us to create what Freud identicals to call the septet defense mechanisms. The first of the seven defense mechanisms is Repression. Repression pushes the problem to the subconscious. It is the exclusion of impulses and thoughts from the conscious mind. succeeding(a) comes Denial, and denial is the cutting of the conscious mind from external threats. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 3 An model of this would be when you are walking in the mall with your girlfriend and a beautiful woman walks by and you bet but when your girlfriend asks you say, I wasnt sprightlinessing at her. Next there is a defense mechanism called Sublimation which is the changin g of bad behavior and impulses into heartyly acceptable behavior and impulses. whizz example of this could be compete football for a scholarship in order to go to college.another(prenominal) defense mechanism is Reaction Formation which is a development of behavior opposite of that which brings you anxiety . The succeeding(a) mechanism is called Projection whichis when the unconscious ascription of your thoughts and feelings is brought onto others. Finding flaws in others is a sizable example of Projection. Displacement is the future(a) defense mechanism, and this is when an urge is placed onto another object. Taking out indignation onto others when you really should be mad at yourself. Last but not least is the defense mechanism of Rationalization which is giving a good reason in place of the true reason.Another well known psychologist which is actually a student of Freuds is Carl Jung who is also a psychodynamic psychologist, Carl Jung was born July 26, 1875 in Kesswil, Swi tzerland and he went a little deeper than Freud did in his theories and he challenges some of his psyches. One is that Jungs iceberg is right side up and at the prime of the iceberg is the ego, and the level underneath that is the mortalal unconscious, and the final level of the iceberg is finally the collective unconscious which is almost the exact opposites of Freuds.What I hold still for by deeper is that he feels that man is not just sexual but spiritual as well. He says that the major difference in man is based on the Libido which is your sex drive. As you can see Jung has a much broader level of human interest. Jung theories are strongly based on Darwins theory of Evolution. Jung thinks we evolved behaviorally which has vacateed us to prosper and move forward in order to keep up with society. The next part of Carl Jungs theory is the Archetypal Complex, which are common ways of dealing with the world.In other words its a genetically transmitted response strategy. It ens ures survival. thither are two examples of Archetypal Complexes and they are the adversary archetype and the fond archetype. . There are examples in everyday sprightliness when a soul does not know what something is they immediately show some sort of antagonism or frustration which proves they are afraid of what is different or what they do not really know or understand. The complaisant archetype basically fashion strength in numbers. Also the social archetype is what we look to for support and look to interact and socialize with.The response strategy is to develop a need to conform. With the whole idea of Archetypal Complexes different people use different ways to deal with the worlds problems, and enemy archetype could not be more precise close to mankind being threatened by something that is different. The next part of Jungs theory is the idea of Individuation which is the integration of our conscious perceptions of the outside world with our unconscious archetypal experie nces. Polarities, which are opposite extremes, which ties in the Principle of entropy which, is a state of disorder and a randomness of energy.The last thing Jung states in his theory is the idea of wholeness which is having both polarities of our career met. Carl Jungs theory challenges much of Freuds, but in some ways is similar. Jung gets more into man being more spiritual than sexual which is almost the opposite of Freud. The next psychologist that I will mention will be a social psychodynamic psychologist by the name of Alfred Adler. Adler was born on February 7, 1870 and Adlers theory states that all of us are born with a sense of unfavorable position as evidenced by how weak and helpless a newborn is.ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 4 By this, Adler was able to explain that this inferiority is a crucial part of our personality, in the sense that it is the driving force that pushes us to strive in order to become superior. In addition to the low quality Theory of Personality, Adler also considers birth order as a major factor in the development of our personality. He believed that first born children may feel inferior and may even develop inferiority multiform once their jr. sibling arrives.The middle born children, on the other hand, are not as pampered as their sr. or younger sibling, but they have a sense of superiority to dethrone their older sibling in a healthy competition. Thus they have the superior potential to be successful in life. The youngest children may feel akin they have the least power to influence other members of the family. Because they are ofttimes the most pampered, they may develop personality problems of inferiority just equivalent the first born. He was much less of a pessimist than Freud was Almost a complete opposite from Freud.Adler believed that society impedes humans. His view of the mind is much like Carl Jungs, but instead of having the ego at the top he has the conscious at the top with the unconscious on the bottom. He felt that social interests drive motivation, which is an innate drive to be social and to belong. He also stated in his theory that mankind is dependent on others and their reactions and their word meaning which in turn leaves mankind very vulnerable. The main idea of this theory is that he feels that mankind is more social than biological.A great example ofthis would definitely be that in todays schools there are cliques and clans of different people that feel that they are cooler or meliorate and than the people who are not as popular do any(prenominal) they can to fit in with a certain group. Teenagers nowadays are probably the best example there is of Adlers theory of social interest. Another part of Adlers theory that he brings up is the idea of the creative self which he says drives us toward human nature. There are two parts to this theory and they are the superiority intricate and the inferiority complex.First of all the superiority complex states mankind tries to better itself in order to overcome our weaknesses. The second part of this theory is the inferiority complex which is when society measures us up to their standards. This is when we begin to avoid our weaknesses instead of act to overcome them. The next theoretician is Erich Fromm who was born in Frankfurt on March 23, 1900 and he was a liberal social psychodynamic psychologist who was also a student of Freuds. He believes that man is innately good and society is the thing that corrupts him.He also feels that the conscious mind dominates over the unconscious. Fromm says man is a social creature and he believes that mankind has social of necessity. He says life is a struggle and society makes our lives difficult. Fromm feels that the four needs of mans social life are relatedness, frame of reference , identity, and superiority. Relatedness is a basic need and it states that man needs to feel connected to humanity whether it be friends, family, or activities. It also states that man has to beinteracted with other in order to belong.The problems start when a person feels that they are not a part of something. Relatedness is probably the most powerful need. Frame of Reference are common ideas and beliefs of looking at the world. This is when we seek out a belief system or a value system. We receive our frame of reference from where we find our relatedness. Without frame of reference there is no meaning to life. Identity is the next out of the four needs of mans social life which is when you know who you are and what you stand for.With identity you have to establish your own uniqueness or identity. Recognizing differences in others help you to find your own identity. ANTHONY BILLSON 5. 2 PAGE 5 Next comes transcendence which is rarely achieved and this means to rise above societies conformities in order to be an individual. With transcendence there is a risk of losing your relatedness, and for this not to happen relatedness must allow you rise above society. A conflict of freedom and loneliness means that the more that we become transcendent the more we lose the relatedness.My last theorist to talk about is Erik Erikson, he was born in Frankfurt, Ger some in 1902 . Erikson force psychological theories by expanding upon Freuds original five stages of development. He believed that each person progressed through eight, and ultimately nine (added by his widow), stages of development end-to-end their lives. Eriksons theories were founded on the premise that environment played a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity . His belief in the aliveness Cycle later won him a Pulitzer Prize and a study Book Award.He was selected for the Jefferson Lecture and recognized for his achievement in the neighborhood of humanities. Erikson was best known for his impact on psychology through his theory on social development and his lengthy teaching career at prestigious institutions. Now after all my researching which has took me q uite a eyepatch to get through cause there are so many sources to choose from ive realised that has psychodynamic theories have developed over the years our spirit of the human psyche has evolved and so as the effectiveness of the methods used by counsellors today.There is a negative side to this theory though cause some critics argue that psychodynamic theories are not falsifiable and therefore unscientific. In response to this criticism, proponents of psychodynamic theories point out that evidence does support some psychodynamic concepts. For example, research shows that there are unconscious mental processes, that people have mental representations of other people, and that people use unconscious defense mechanisms to protect themselves from acrid emotions such as anxiety.Other critics argue that psychodynamic theories are made by generalizing from a small number of patients to the whole human population. Relying only on case studies can lead to faulty conclusions. Still other s argue that most psychodynamic theories are not based on studies that follow people from childhood to adulthood. Instead, psychodynamic theorists listen to descriptions of an adult patients past and draw conclusions about the relevance of childhood experiences however memories are not always reliable.

Adapting the Unfamiliar… Through Translation.

Adapting the unacquainted(predicate) through with(predicate) Translation. Marjorie Agosin (born June 15, 1955). Source Wikipedia. 07/12/2012 Komal Shah Eng. 101C- 24 R. C. Muniz 333 Adapting the Unfamiliar through Translation. By Komal Shah. Change is a very powerful and emotion eachy supercharged word. It is essential and the process of becoming different.The inspiring narrative, Always living in Spanish,by Dr. Marjorie Agosin, originally written in Spanish, tells of Dr. Agosins Chilean childhood and her move struggle to embrace the change that came with moving to America. Destiny and the always double nature of history continued my familys enforced migration (Agosin, 22) she states. Her story uses ain details to bring her childhood in Chile to life. It is her clear write out for her people and the constant battle to non let go of her individualism element that inspires her poetry all of which is written in Spanish.For her, like many others, makeup and thinking in Span ish is a gesture of survival through her journey from Chile to Georgia, as from her Chilean childhood to Ameri sack up adulthood. Philosophers a good deal say that it is important to find yourself, to identify who you are. But the self is not something unitary finds, it is something one creates through the process of change. The Encarta dictionary English (North America) defines identity as the name or essential character that identifies somebody or something (def. 1). We all have sets of characteristics that we recognize as belonging uniquely to ourselves.This constitutes his or her individual personality for life. The concept of identity in Dr. Agosins essay is sh experience vanquish when she states Daily, I felt the need to translate myself for the strangers living all roughly me, to tell them why we were in Georgia, why we are different, why we had fled, why my accent was so thick, and why I did not look Hispanic. lonesome(prenominal) at night, writing poems in Spanish, c ould I return to my senses, and soothe my own sorrow over what I had left behind. (Agosin, 22) For a while Marjorie was at a loss the loss of the familiar, and more importantly, the loss of her identity.She found a way to reconnect herself with her identity by doing something that reminded her of expression, culture and history she was born with. rescue all of her characteristics together in a consolidated place where she can let go and just remember herself as she is intact with her identity. In America, when we hear someones poor spoken English with a thick accent or when we see someone not getting an American Sarcasm, we may not know what their ethnicity is, but we are accredited that the person is an outsider.That is because of the shape of someones identity is by the usage and understanding of a language. A Korean- American novelist, Chang-Rae Lee narrates this thought curiously well in her short story Mute in English-only World. She dialogue about her Korean mothers men tal struggle in an English speaking world by saying, In Korean she could be fiery, stern, deeply funny, and ironic, in English just slightly less so (Lee, 801). All languages have their distinct ways of expressing happiness, sadness and other feelings.Those differences locate how one translates themselves in the society they live in. As Dr. Agosin says, Translators are not traitors, as the proverb says, but rather splendid friends in this gigantic human community of language (Agosin, 24). It is hard to adapt and accept the changes that language barriers bring to our lives when we leave our homes. But that is what brings us one step mental block to our true selves and how we were made.Despite of more than seven billion of our own kind on the planet earth, there are times we feel shipwrecked and alone when we are away from the familiar, because as a social animal we have separate ourselves into ethnicity, cultures and countries. It is where we currently are that has to be our new home away from home. We all secretly desire a perfect life, a perfect family or a perfect boss. After all if a pair of garment wouldnt have changed Cinderellas life then she would be one of us. She would have moved for a wear life, learned English, and gotten a better job with a healthcare package.CITATIONS Agosin, Marjorie. Always Living in Spanish Recovering the Familiar through Language. The Norton Field Guide to Writing with Readings and handbook 2nd Edition. New York W. W. Norton , 2009. 21-24. Print. Lee, Chang-Rae. Mute in an Enlgish-Only World. Everythings an Arguement. 4th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. 800-02. Print. Encarta Dictionary(Online College Dictionary)Review. Encarta Dictionary (Online College Dictionary). N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 July 2012. http//www. really-learn-english. com/encarta-dictionary-online-college-dictionary. html.

Nelson Mandela a Most Admired Hero Essay

Nelson Mandela is genius of the best examples of heroes in contemporary times. He commit his life to end the apartheid in s placeheasterly Africa. His struggle and devotion to this pay back was so important that we could say that the international movement of solidarity with the struggle for exemption in southwestward Africa was arguably the biggest social movement the world has seen. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was innate(p) on the 18th of July 1918 is a south-central African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of southwestward Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the archetypal discolor South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a richly representative, multiracial election. His administration focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through and through tackling institutionalized racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation.A Xhosa born to the Thembu kinglike family, Mandela attended Fort H atomic n umber 18 University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the African National carnal knowledge and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the Afrikaans nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, he pink wine to prominence in the ANCs 1952Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the Transvaal ANC Branch and oversaw the 1955 social intercourse of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty.Read more(prenominal)(prenominal) The person I admire essay exampleAlthough initially commit to non-violent protest, in association with the South African Communist Party he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961, leading a bombing campaign against gover nment targets. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life custody in the Rivonia Trial. On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison after 27 years exhausted in jail. Four years later, Mandela is elected the first black President of South Africa. His presidency faces enormous challenges in the post-Apartheid era, including rampantnpoverty and crime. Mandela is especially concerned about racial divisions amid black and white South Africans, which could lead to violence.The ill will which both groups hold towards each new(prenominal) is seen even in his own auspices detail where relations between the established white officers, who had guarded Mandelas predecessors, and the black ANC additions to the security detail, are frosty and marked by mutual distrust. While attending a game of the Springboks, the countrys rugby union team, Mandela recognizes that the blacks in the roll cheer against their home squad, as the mostly-white Springboks represent prejudice and apartheid in their minds. He remarks that he did the same while imprisoned on Robben Island.Knowing that South Africa is set to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup in one years time, Mandela persuades a meeting of the newly black-dominated South African Sports Committee to support the Springboks. He then meets with the captain of the Springboks rugby team, Franois Pienaar, and implies that a Springboks victory in the World Cup will join and glorify the nation. Mandela also shares with Franois a British poem, Invictus, which had inspired him during his time in prison. Franois and his teammates train. galore(postnominal) South Africans, both black and white, doubt that rugby will unite a nation torn apart by some 50 years of racial tensions. For many blacks, especially the radicals, the Springboks symbolize white supremacy. twain Mandela and Pienaar, however, stand firmly behind their theory that the game c an successfully unite the South African country. Things begin to change as the players act with the fans and begin a friendship with them. During the opening games, support for the Springboks begins to grow among the black population. By the second game, the whole country comes together to support the Springboks and Mandelas efforts. Mandelas security team also grows closer as the non-homogeneous officers come to respect their comrades professionalism and dedication. The Springboks surpass all expectations and qualify for the final against The only BlacksSouth Africas arch-rivals. New Zealand and South Africa were universally regarded as the ii greatest rugby nations, with the Springboks being the only side to have a winning record against the All Blacks up to this point.The first test serial between the two countries in 1921 was the beginning of an intense rivalry, with emotions running senior high whenever the two nations met on the rugby field. Before the game, the Springb ok team visits Robben Island, where Mandela spent the first 18 of 27 years in jail. Franois Pienaar mentions his amazement that Mandela could go along thirty years in a tiny cell, and come out ready to forgive the people who put him there. Supported by a large home crowd of both races, Pienaar motivates his team. Mandelas security detail receives a scare when, just before the ascertain, a South African Airways Boeing 747 jetliner flies in low over the stadium. It is not an assassination attempt though, but a demonstration of patriotism, with the message Good Luck, Bokke the Springboks Afrikaans nickname painted on the undersides of the planes wings.The Springboks win the match with a score of 1512. Mandela and Pienaar meet on the field together to celebrate the improbable and unexpected victory. Mandelas car then drives by in the traffic-jammed streets leaving the stadium. As Mandela watches the South Africans celebrating together from the car, his voice is hear reciting Invic tus. Mandela has been a controversial figure for much of his life. Right-wing critics denounced him as a terrorist and communist sympathizer. He nevertheless gained international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, having received more than 250 honors, including the 1993Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is oft referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata (Father) he is a lot described as the father of the nation.